Package Management in Python (PIP)¶
You can install, upgrade, and remove packages using a program called pip.
By default pip will install packages from the Python Package Index, https://pypi.org
Similar to linux repository(YUM, APT), NPM for Node.js, etc
Python actually has another, more primitive, package manager called
easy_install, which is installed automatically when you install Python itself.pipis vastly superior to easy_install for lots of reasons, and so should generally be used instead.
The Basics¶
Search Packages¶
You can browse the Python Package Index by going to it in your web browser, or you can use pip’s limited search feature:
pip search django
ERROR: Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/base_command.py", line 224, in _main
status = self.run(options, args)
File "/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/search.py", line 62, in run
pypi_hits = self.search(query, options)
File "/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/search.py", line 82, in search
hits = pypi.search({'name': query, 'summary': query}, 'or')
File "/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/xmlrpc/client.py", line 1109, in __call__
return self.__send(self.__name, args)
File "/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/xmlrpc/client.py", line 1450, in __request
response = self.__transport.request(
File "/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_internal/network/xmlrpc.py", line 46, in request
return self.parse_response(response.raw)
File "/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/xmlrpc/client.py", line 1341, in parse_response
return u.close()
File "/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/xmlrpc/client.py", line 655, in close
raise Fault(**self._stack[0])
xmlrpc.client.Fault: <Fault -32500: "RuntimeError: PyPI's XMLRPC API has been temporarily disabled due to unmanageable load and will be deprecated in the near future. See https://status.python.org/ for more information.">
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.
Install Packages¶
Install the latest version of a package by specifying a package’s name:
pip install requests
Requirement already satisfied: requests in /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages (2.25.1)
Requirement already satisfied: urllib3<1.27,>=1.21.1 in /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from requests) (1.26.2)
Requirement already satisfied: idna<3,>=2.5 in /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from requests) (2.10)
Requirement already satisfied: chardet<5,>=3.0.2 in /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from requests) (4.0.0)
Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from requests) (2020.12.5)
WARNING: You are using pip version 20.3.1; however, version 21.0 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the '/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/bin/python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.
Specify version¶
pip install requests==2.6.0
Collecting requests==2.6.0
Downloading requests-2.6.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (469 kB)
?25l
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?25hInstalling collected packages: requests
Attempting uninstall: requests
Found existing installation: requests 2.25.1
Uninstalling requests-2.25.1:
Successfully uninstalled requests-2.25.1
Successfully installed requests-2.6.0
WARNING: You are using pip version 20.3.1; however, version 21.0 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the '/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/bin/python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.
Upgrade Packages¶
You can run
pip install --upgradeto upgrade the package to the latest version:
pip install --upgrade requests
Requirement already satisfied: requests in /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages (2.6.0)
Collecting requests
Using cached requests-2.25.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (61 kB)
Requirement already satisfied: chardet<5,>=3.0.2 in /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from requests) (4.0.0)
Requirement already satisfied: urllib3<1.27,>=1.21.1 in /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from requests) (1.26.2)
Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from requests) (2020.12.5)
Requirement already satisfied: idna<3,>=2.5 in /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from requests) (2.10)
Installing collected packages: requests
Attempting uninstall: requests
Found existing installation: requests 2.6.0
Uninstalling requests-2.6.0:
Successfully uninstalled requests-2.6.0
Successfully installed requests-2.25.1
WARNING: You are using pip version 20.3.1; however, version 21.0 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the '/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/bin/python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.
Remove Packages¶
pip uninstallfollowed by one or more package names will remove the packages
Display Package information¶
pip showwill display information about a particular package:
pip show requests
Name: requests
Version: 2.25.1
Summary: Python HTTP for Humans.
Home-page: https://requests.readthedocs.io
Author: Kenneth Reitz
Author-email: me@kennethreitz.org
License: Apache 2.0
Location: /opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/lib/python3.8/site-packages
Requires: chardet, idna, urllib3, certifi
Required-by: Sphinx, nbdime
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.
List Packages¶
pip listwill display all of the packages installed in the virtual environment
pip list
Package Version
----------------------------- ---------
alabaster 0.7.12
argon2-cffi 20.1.0
async-generator 1.10
attrs 20.3.0
Babel 2.9.0
backcall 0.2.0
beautifulsoup4 4.9.3
bleach 3.2.2
certifi 2020.12.5
cffi 1.14.4
chardet 4.0.0
click 7.1.2
colorama 0.4.4
cycler 0.10.0
decorator 4.4.2
defusedxml 0.6.0
docutils 0.16
entrypoints 0.3
ghp-import 1.0.0
gitdb 4.0.5
GitPython 3.1.12
idna 2.10
imagesize 1.2.0
importlib-metadata 3.4.0
ipykernel 5.4.3
ipython 7.19.0
ipython-genutils 0.2.0
ipywidgets 7.6.3
jedi 0.18.0
Jinja2 2.11.2
jsonschema 3.2.0
jupyter-book 0.9.1
jupyter-cache 0.4.2
jupyter-client 6.1.11
jupyter-core 4.7.0
jupyter-sphinx 0.3.1
jupyterlab-widgets 1.0.0
kiwisolver 1.3.1
latexcodec 2.0.1
markdown-it-py 0.5.8
MarkupSafe 1.1.1
matplotlib 3.3.3
mistune 0.8.4
myst-nb 0.10.2
myst-parser 0.12.10
nbclient 0.5.1
nbconvert 5.6.1
nbdime 2.1.0
nbformat 5.1.2
nest-asyncio 1.4.3
nested-lookup 0.2.21
notebook 6.2.0
numpy 1.19.5
oset 0.1.3
packaging 20.8
pandocfilters 1.4.3
parso 0.8.1
pexpect 4.8.0
pickleshare 0.7.5
Pillow 8.1.0
pip 20.3.1
prometheus-client 0.9.0
prompt-toolkit 3.0.13
ptyprocess 0.7.0
pybtex 0.24.0
pybtex-docutils 1.0.0
pycparser 2.20
pydata-sphinx-theme 0.4.2
Pygments 2.7.4
pyparsing 2.4.7
pyrsistent 0.17.3
python-dateutil 2.8.1
pytz 2020.5
PyYAML 5.4.1
pyzmq 21.0.1
requests 2.25.1
Send2Trash 1.5.0
setuptools 49.2.1
six 1.15.0
smmap 3.0.5
snowballstemmer 2.1.0
soupsieve 2.1
Sphinx 3.4.3
sphinx-book-theme 0.0.39
sphinx-comments 0.0.3
sphinx-copybutton 0.3.1
sphinx-panels 0.5.2
sphinx-thebe 0.0.8
sphinx-togglebutton 0.2.3
sphinxcontrib-applehelp 1.0.2
sphinxcontrib-bibtex 1.0.0
sphinxcontrib-devhelp 1.0.2
sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp 1.0.3
sphinxcontrib-jsmath 1.0.1
sphinxcontrib-qthelp 1.0.3
sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml 1.1.4
SQLAlchemy 1.3.22
terminado 0.9.2
testpath 0.4.4
tornado 6.1
traitlets 5.0.5
urllib3 1.26.2
wcwidth 0.2.5
webencodings 0.5.1
wheel 0.36.2
widgetsnbextension 3.5.1
zipp 3.4.0
WARNING: You are using pip version 20.3.1; however, version 21.0 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the '/opt/hostedtoolcache/Python/3.8.6/x64/bin/python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.
Freeze Packages¶
pip freezewill produce a similar list of the installed packages, but the output uses the format that pip install expects.
pip freeze
alabaster==0.7.12
argon2-cffi==20.1.0
async-generator==1.10
attrs==20.3.0
Babel==2.9.0
backcall==0.2.0
beautifulsoup4==4.9.3
bleach==3.2.2
certifi==2020.12.5
cffi==1.14.4
chardet==4.0.0
click==7.1.2
colorama==0.4.4
cycler==0.10.0
decorator==4.4.2
defusedxml==0.6.0
docutils==0.16
entrypoints==0.3
ghp-import==1.0.0
gitdb==4.0.5
GitPython==3.1.12
idna==2.10
imagesize==1.2.0
importlib-metadata==3.4.0
ipykernel==5.4.3
ipython==7.19.0
ipython-genutils==0.2.0
ipywidgets==7.6.3
jedi==0.18.0
Jinja2==2.11.2
jsonschema==3.2.0
jupyter-book==0.9.1
jupyter-cache==0.4.2
jupyter-client==6.1.11
jupyter-core==4.7.0
jupyter-sphinx==0.3.1
jupyterlab-widgets==1.0.0
kiwisolver==1.3.1
latexcodec==2.0.1
markdown-it-py==0.5.8
MarkupSafe==1.1.1
matplotlib==3.3.3
mistune==0.8.4
myst-nb==0.10.2
myst-parser==0.12.10
nbclient==0.5.1
nbconvert==5.6.1
nbdime==2.1.0
nbformat==5.1.2
nest-asyncio==1.4.3
nested-lookup==0.2.21
notebook==6.2.0
numpy==1.19.5
oset==0.1.3
packaging==20.8
pandocfilters==1.4.3
parso==0.8.1
pexpect==4.8.0
pickleshare==0.7.5
Pillow==8.1.0
prometheus-client==0.9.0
prompt-toolkit==3.0.13
ptyprocess==0.7.0
pybtex==0.24.0
pybtex-docutils==1.0.0
pycparser==2.20
pydata-sphinx-theme==0.4.2
Pygments==2.7.4
pyparsing==2.4.7
pyrsistent==0.17.3
python-dateutil==2.8.1
pytz==2020.5
PyYAML==5.4.1
pyzmq==21.0.1
requests==2.25.1
Send2Trash==1.5.0
six==1.15.0
smmap==3.0.5
snowballstemmer==2.1.0
soupsieve==2.1
Sphinx==3.4.3
sphinx-book-theme==0.0.39
sphinx-comments==0.0.3
sphinx-copybutton==0.3.1
sphinx-panels==0.5.2
sphinx-thebe==0.0.8
sphinx-togglebutton==0.2.3
sphinxcontrib-applehelp==1.0.2
sphinxcontrib-bibtex==1.0.0
sphinxcontrib-devhelp==1.0.2
sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp==1.0.3
sphinxcontrib-jsmath==1.0.1
sphinxcontrib-qthelp==1.0.3
sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml==1.1.4
SQLAlchemy==1.3.22
terminado==0.9.2
testpath==0.4.4
tornado==6.1
traitlets==5.0.5
urllib3==1.26.2
wcwidth==0.2.5
webencodings==0.5.1
widgetsnbextension==3.5.1
zipp==3.4.0
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.
pip freeze > requirements.txt
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.
f = open('requirements.txt')
print(f.read())
f.close()
alabaster==0.7.12
argon2-cffi==20.1.0
async-generator==1.10
attrs==20.3.0
Babel==2.9.0
backcall==0.2.0
beautifulsoup4==4.9.3
bleach==3.2.2
certifi==2020.12.5
cffi==1.14.4
chardet==4.0.0
click==7.1.2
colorama==0.4.4
cycler==0.10.0
decorator==4.4.2
defusedxml==0.6.0
docutils==0.16
entrypoints==0.3
ghp-import==1.0.0
gitdb==4.0.5
GitPython==3.1.12
idna==2.10
imagesize==1.2.0
importlib-metadata==3.4.0
ipykernel==5.4.3
ipython==7.19.0
ipython-genutils==0.2.0
ipywidgets==7.6.3
jedi==0.18.0
Jinja2==2.11.2
jsonschema==3.2.0
jupyter-book==0.9.1
jupyter-cache==0.4.2
jupyter-client==6.1.11
jupyter-core==4.7.0
jupyter-sphinx==0.3.1
jupyterlab-widgets==1.0.0
kiwisolver==1.3.1
latexcodec==2.0.1
markdown-it-py==0.5.8
MarkupSafe==1.1.1
matplotlib==3.3.3
mistune==0.8.4
myst-nb==0.10.2
myst-parser==0.12.10
nbclient==0.5.1
nbconvert==5.6.1
nbdime==2.1.0
nbformat==5.1.2
nest-asyncio==1.4.3
nested-lookup==0.2.21
notebook==6.2.0
numpy==1.19.5
oset==0.1.3
packaging==20.8
pandocfilters==1.4.3
parso==0.8.1
pexpect==4.8.0
pickleshare==0.7.5
Pillow==8.1.0
prometheus-client==0.9.0
prompt-toolkit==3.0.13
ptyprocess==0.7.0
pybtex==0.24.0
pybtex-docutils==1.0.0
pycparser==2.20
pydata-sphinx-theme==0.4.2
Pygments==2.7.4
pyparsing==2.4.7
pyrsistent==0.17.3
python-dateutil==2.8.1
pytz==2020.5
PyYAML==5.4.1
pyzmq==21.0.1
requests==2.25.1
Send2Trash==1.5.0
six==1.15.0
smmap==3.0.5
snowballstemmer==2.1.0
soupsieve==2.1
Sphinx==3.4.3
sphinx-book-theme==0.0.39
sphinx-comments==0.0.3
sphinx-copybutton==0.3.1
sphinx-panels==0.5.2
sphinx-thebe==0.0.8
sphinx-togglebutton==0.2.3
sphinxcontrib-applehelp==1.0.2
sphinxcontrib-bibtex==1.0.0
sphinxcontrib-devhelp==1.0.2
sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp==1.0.3
sphinxcontrib-jsmath==1.0.1
sphinxcontrib-qthelp==1.0.3
sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml==1.1.4
SQLAlchemy==1.3.22
terminado==0.9.2
testpath==0.4.4
tornado==6.1
traitlets==5.0.5
urllib3==1.26.2
wcwidth==0.2.5
webencodings==0.5.1
widgetsnbextension==3.5.1
zipp==3.4.0
print(f.read())
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-10-315c20b774c2> in <module>
----> 1 print(f.read())
ValueError: I/O operation on closed file.
pip install requests==2.18.4 --user --trusted-host=pypi.python.org --trusted-host=pypi.org --trusted-host=files.pythonhosted.org